JAAPA CME Post-Test June 2024

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Nursemaid’s Elbow: Radial Head Subluxation Injuries in Children

Radial head subluxation, or nursemaid’s elbow, is a common orthopedic complaint in children and often is the result of a pulling injury to the affected arm. Although this injury largely is a clinical diagnosis, different imaging modalities may be used to identify it and confirm successful reduction. Multiple manipulative techniques can be used to treat this injury and methods are generally specific to clinician preference. This activity reviews the causes, evaluation, and management of radial head subluxation.

Learning Objectives

At the conclusion of this activity, participants should be able to:
  • Describe the typical history and physical examination findings for radial head subluxation in children that help differentiate it from other causes of elbow injuries
  • Review scenarios in which imaging should be obtained
  • Describe the reduction techniques used in the treatment of radial head subluxation
  • Identify possible complications for children with chronic radial head subluxation

Dementia With Lewy Bodies: Primary Care PAs Can Make This Difficult Diagnosis

Lewy body dementia is an umbrella term for dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson disease dementia. These progressive, degenerative brain disorders link dementia with psychosis and parkinsonism and are difficult to diagnose. The diagnosis of DLB is challenging, especially in its early phase, because the presentation is variable. Relevant screening tools and a complete physical examination are essential. Making the correct diagnosis lets patients and caregivers make arrangements, have more timely access to services, improve patient quality of life, and lessen the burden on caregivers.
 

Learning Objectives

At the conclusion of this activity, participants should be able to:
  • Describe the pathophysiology of DLB
  • List the risk factors associated with DLB and contrast them with those of other dementias
  • Describe the clinical evaluation of patients with DLB
  • List the core clinical features of DLB
  • Describe the clinician’s role in treating patients with DLB
 

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